PFAS levels and determinants of variability in exposure in European teenagers – Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies (2014–2021)

The HBM4EU (Human Biomonitoring for Europe) project focuses on PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalky substances) exposure levels among European teenagers and investigates the factors influencing these levels. PFAS are synthetic chemicals found in consumer products, and their persistence in the environment makes them bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife. The study aims to provide updated data on PFAS levels in teenagers and to assess dietary and demographic factors contributing to these exposures.

Key Findings:

PFAS Levels in Teenagers: Blood samples from 1,957 teenagers (aged 12-18) across nine European countries were analysed. The most common PFAS detected were PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, with PFOS being the most prevalent.

Geographical Differences: PFAS levels were higher in teenagers from Northern and Western Europe compared to those in Southern and Eastern Europe. The exposure patterns suggest regional differences in environmental contamination and possibly food sources.

Dietary Determinants: 

• Seafood and fish consumption was significantly associated with increased levels of PFOS and PFNA. Teenagers consuming seafood more than twice a week had a 20-21% increase in PFAS levels compared to those who ate it less frequently.
• Egg and offal consumption also contributed to higher PFOS levels, and eating local food (at least twice per week) was linked to a 40% rise in PFOS exposure.

Demographic Factors:

• Boys exhibited higher PFAS levels compared to girls.
• Teenagers from households with higher education levels showed increased PFAS concentrations, which might be linked to lifestyle factors such as diet.

Health Implications: Although PFOS and PFOA have been phased out due to health risks, they still dominate exposure profiles, likely due to their persistence in the environment. Some teenagers exceeded the tolerable intake levels, raising concerns about potential health impacts such as cardiovascular or metabolic disorders.

Conclusion:

The study provides crucial insights into PFAS exposure in European teenagers, highlighting dietary intake (particularly eggs, seafood and local food) as major determinants. This data can help inform policy decisions and monitoring programs aimed at reducing PFAS exposure from food sources across Europe. The findings highlight the need for continued efforts to monitor and reduce PFAS in the environment and food, particularly in areas where teenagers are showing higher exposure levels.
The study “PFAS levels and determinants of variability in exposure in European teenagers – Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies (2014–2021)” by D. Richterová et al was published in the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.